Abdulwehab, S., & Kedir, F. (2025). Workplace violence against nurse: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Ethiopia. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 598, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03243-1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03243-1
Google Scholar
Abreu, A.R., Gonçalves, F., Oliveira, S., & Ribeiro, I. (2026). Workplace violence against healthcare workers: A scoping review of reporting practices, barriers to reporting and institutional responses (2020–2025). BMC Health Services Research, 26(1), 419, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-026-14244-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-026-14244-4
Google Scholar
Aivazi, A.A., & Tavan, H. (2015). Prevalence of conceived violence against nurses at educational hospitals of Ilam, Iran, 2012. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 2, pp. 65–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2015.04.001.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2015.04.001
Google Scholar
Alamri, M., Almalki, W., Almagthly, N.T., Al-Harbi, K.M., & Almutairi, M.H. (2023). Assessment of psychological consequences of violence in psychiatric nurses. Cureus, 15(10), e48025, https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.48025.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.48025
Google Scholar
Alnaeem, M.M., Hasan Suleiman, K., Alzoubi, M.M., Sumaqa, Y.A., Al-Mugheed, K., Saeed Alabdullah, A.A., & Farghaly Abdelaliem, S.M. (2025). Prevalence, consequences, and contributing factors beyond verbal and physical workplace violence against nurses in peripheral hospitals. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1418813, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1418813.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1418813
Google Scholar
Arnetz, J.E., Baker, N., Arble, E., & Arnetz, B.B. (2025). Workplace violence, work-related exhaustion, and workplace cognitive failure among nurses: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 81(1), pp. 271–285, https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16217.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16217
Google Scholar
Bagnasco, A., Catania, G., Pagnucci, N., Alvaro, R., Cicolini, G., Dal Molin, A., Lancia, L., Lusignani, M., Mecugni, D., Motta, P.C., Watson, R., Hayter, M., Timmins, F., Aleo, G., Napolitano, F., Signori, A., Zanini, M., Sasso, L., & Mazzoleni, B. (2024). Protective and risk factors of workplace violence against nurses: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 33(12), pp. 4748–4758, https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.17169.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.17169
Google Scholar
Baig, L., Tanzil, S., Shaikh, S., Hashmi, I., Khan, M.A., & Polkowski, M. (2018). Effectiveness of training on de-escalation of violence and management of aggressive behavior faced by health care providers in a public sector hospital of Karachi. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 34(2), pp. 294–299.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.342.14432
Google Scholar
Banga, A., Mautong, H., Alamoudi, R., Faisal, U.H., Bhatt, G., Amal, T., Mendiratta, A., Bollu, B., Kutikuppala, L.V.S., Lee, J., Simadibrata, D.M., Huespe, I., Khalid, A., Rais, M.A., Adhikari, R., Lakhani, A., Garg, P., Pattnaik, H., Gandhi, R., Pandit, R., Ahmad, F., Camacho-Leon, G., Ciza N P., Barrios, N., Meza, K., Okonkwo, S., Dhabuliwo, A., Hamza, H., Nemat, A., Essar, M.Y., Kampa, A., Qasba, R.K., Sharma, P., Dutt, T., Vekaria, P., Bansal, V., Nawaz, F.A., Surani, S., & Kashyap, R., (2023). ViSHWaS: Violence Study of Healthcare Workers and Systems – A global survey. BMJ Global Health, 8(9), e013101, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013101.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013101
Google Scholar
Bernardes, M.L.G., Karino, M.E., Martins, J.T., Okubo, C.V.C., Galdino, M.J.Q., & Moreira, A.A.O. (2021). Workplace violence among nursing professionals. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 18(3), pp. 250–257, https://doi.org/10.47626/1679-4435-2020-531.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47626/1679-4435-2020-531
Google Scholar
Burak, A., Antoniewicz, J., Malinowska, E., & Cierzniakowska, K. (2021). Documenting patient’s violent behavior by medical staff of hospital emergency departments / Dokumentowanie agresji przez personel medyczny szpitalnych oddziałów ratunkowych. Nursing in the 21st Century, 20(2), pp. 105–116, https://doi.org/10.2478/pielxxiw-2021-0014.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pielxxiw-2021-0014
Google Scholar
Burak, A.M., Kamińska, E.T., Szulc, K.K., Krzewiński, P., & Żuratyński, P. (2025). Violence from patients and visitors in the emergency department – Reporting of aggression by medical staff. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 38(6), pp. 596–610, https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02640
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02640
Google Scholar
Cannizzaro, D., Saguatti, I., Caleffi, D., Rovesti, S., & Ferri, P. (2025). Physical and psychological consequences on nurses affected by workplace violence: A scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 15(7), e105171, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-105171.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-105171
Google Scholar
Ceballos, J.B., Frota, O.P., Nunes, H.F.S.S., Ávalos, P.L., Krügel, C.C., Ferreira Jr M.A., & Teston, E.F. (2020). Physical violence and verbal abuse against nurses working with risk stratification: Characteristics, related factors, and consequences. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 73(Suppl 5), e20190882, https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0882.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0882
Google Scholar
Chipps, E., Weaver, S.H., Wood, T., Sinnott, L.T., & McCarthy, K. (2024). The impact of patient assaults and aggressive behaviors on nursing personnel’s stress, well-being, and intention to leave post-COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Nursing Administration, 54(9), pp. 479–487, https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000001464.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000001464
Google Scholar
Christensen, S.S., & Wilson, B.L. (2022). Why nurses do not report patient aggression: A review and appraisal of the literature. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1759–1767, https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13618.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13618
Google Scholar
Contreras Jofre, P., Valenzuela Solís, Á., Pinto Soto, J., Mendoza Ponce, N., & López-Alegría, F. (2020). Violencia en el trabajo hacia los profesionales de enfermería en los servicios de emergencias: revisión integrativa. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 44, e173, https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.173.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.173
Google Scholar
Ding, C., Li, L., Li, G., Li, X., Xie, L., & Duan, Z. (2023). Impact of workplace violence against psychological health among nurse staff from the Yunnan-Myanmar Chinese border region: Propensity score matching analysis. BMC Nursing, 22(1), 242, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01402-w.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01402-w
Google Scholar
Di Martino, V. (2002). Workplace violence in the health sector: Country case studies (Brazil, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Portugal, South Africa, Thailand, and an additional Australian study), International Labour Organization.
Google Scholar
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2012). Workplace violence, 31.03, https://oshwiki.osha.europa.eu/en/themes/workplace-violence [accessed: 19.08.2026].
Google Scholar
European Commission (2021). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: EU strategic framework on health and safety at work 2021–2027. Occupational safety and health in a changing world of work, COM(2021) 333 final, 28.06, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0323 [accessed: 29.07.2026].
Google Scholar
Fabri, N.V., Martins, J.T., Galdino, M.J.Q., Ribeiro, R.P., & Moreira, A.A.O. (2022). Workplace violence and professional quality of life among primary care nurses. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 35, eAPE0362345, https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2022AO0362345.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2022AO0362345
Google Scholar
Ferri, P., Stifani, S., Accoto, A., Bonetti, L., Rubbi, I., & Di Lorenzo, R. (2020). Violence against nurses in the triage area: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 46(3), pp. 384–397, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2020.02.013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2020.02.013
Google Scholar
Feruglio, L., Bressan, V., & Cadorin, L. (2025). Violence against nurses during care: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 34(4), pp. 1106–1123, https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.17424.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.17424
Google Scholar
Frydrysiak, K., Ejdukiewicz, J., & Grześkowiak, M. (2016). Agresja pacjentów i ich bliskich wobec personelu Szpitalnego Oddziału Ratunkowego. Anestezjologia i Ratownictwo, 10(1), pp. 46–52.
Google Scholar
Gillespie, G.L., & Berry, P. (2023). Qualitative analysis of workplace assault outcomes from the perspectives of emergency nurses. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 49(3), pp. 450–460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2022.09.015.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2022.09.015
Google Scholar
González-González, G., Rebolledo-Ríos, D., Osorio-Spuler, X., Rudner, N., & Peña-Barra, C. (2025). Violence against nurses: Personal and institutional coping strategies – A scoping review, Behavioral Sciences, 15(9), 1166, https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091166.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091166
Google Scholar
Guay, S., Goncalves, J., & Boyer, R. (2016). Evaluation of an education and training program to prevent and manage patients’ violence in a mental health setting: A pretest–posttest intervention study. Healthcare, 4(3), 49, https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4030049.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4030049
Google Scholar
Hahn, S., Hantikainen, V., Needham, I., Kok, G., Dassen, T., & Halfens R.J.G. (2012). Patient and visitor violence in the general hospital, occurrence, staff interventions and consequences: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(12), pp. 2685–2699, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.05967.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.05967.x
Google Scholar
Hilton, N.Z., Addison, S., Ham, E., Rodrigues, N.C., & Seto, M.C. (2022). Workplace violence and risk factors for PTSD among psychiatric nurses: Systematic review and directions for future research and practice. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 29(2), pp. 186–203, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12781.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12781
Google Scholar
ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI (eds.) (2003). Workplace violence in the health sector: Country case studies research instruments. Research Protocol, https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/violence-against-health-workers/wvresearchprotocol.pdf?sfvrsn=9434f7ff_2&download=true [accessed: 19.08.2026].
Google Scholar
Kobayashi, Y., Oe, M., Ishida, T., Matsuoka, M., Chiba, H., & Uchimura, N. (2020). Workplace violence and its effects on burnout and secondary traumatic stress among mental healthcare nurses in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2747, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082747.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082747
Google Scholar
Kolutek, R., Erkutlu, H., & Chafra, J. (2024). Workplace violence and nurses’ psychological well-being: The mediating role of burnout and the moderating role of psychological resilience. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 53, pp. 177–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2024.10.015.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2024.10.015
Google Scholar
Lamont, S., & Brunero, S. (2018). The effect of a workplace violence training program for generalist nurses in the acute hospital setting: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today, 68, pp. 45–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.05.008.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.05.008
Google Scholar
Lickiewicz, J. (2017). Skuteczność programu zapobiegania agresji w grupie studentów kierunków medycznych. Edukacja Ustawiczna Dorosłych, 3, 157–165.
Google Scholar
Lickiewicz, J., Jagielski, P., Hughes, P.P., & Makara-Studzińska, M. (2020). The gender-related impact of a violence management training program on medical school students – Preliminary results. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7130, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197130.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197130
Google Scholar
Liu, W., Zhao, S., Shi, L., Zhang, Z., Liu, X., Li, L., Duan, X., Li, G., Lou, F., Jia, X., Fan, L., Sun, T. & Ni, X. (2018). Workplace violence, job satisfaction, burnout, perceived organisational support and their effects on turnover intention among Chinese nurses in tertiary hospitals: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 8(6), e019525, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019525.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019525
Google Scholar
Livingston, J.D., Verdun-Jones, S., Brink, J., Lussier, P., & Nicholls, T. (2010). A narrative review of the effectiveness of aggression management training programs for psychiatric hospital staff. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 6(1), pp. 15–28, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2009.01061.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2009.01061.x
Google Scholar
Lyver, B., Singh, B., Balzer, N., Agnihotri, M., Hulme, J., Chan, K., Sethi, R., Reynolds, C., Haines, J., Whiteside, R., Toppings, M., & Schulz-Quach, C. (2025). Exploring the impact of workplace violence in urban emergency departments: A qualitative study. Healthcare, 13(6), 679, https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060679.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060679
Google Scholar
Mahmoudi, F., Garmaroudi, G., Saniee, N., Razavi, N., Mosadeghrad, A.M., & Ashoorkhani, M. (2026). Causes of workplace violence against nurses and strategies for its prevention in developed countries: A scoping review. BMC Nursing, 25(1), 232, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-04227-x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-04227-x
Google Scholar
McCarthy, K., Pillai, R., Cherry, B., & Steigerwald, M. (2019). From cyber to e-mail incivility: A psychometric assessment and measure validation study. Organization Management Journal, 16(2), pp. 61–68, https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2019.1604198.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2019.1604198
Google Scholar
McPhaul, K.M., London, M., Murrett, K., Flannery, K., Rosen, J., & Lipscomb, J. (2008). Environmental evaluation for workplace violence in healthcare and social services. Journal of Safety Research, 39(2), pp. 237–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.02.028.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.02.028
Google Scholar
Milczarek, M. (2010). Workplace violence and harassment: A European picture, Publications Office of the European Union, https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/workplace-violence-and-harassment-european-picture/view [accessed: 28.07.2026].
Google Scholar
Morphet, J., Griffiths, D., Beattie, J., Velasquez Reyes, D., & Innes, K. (2018). Prevention and management of occupational violence and aggression in healthcare: A scoping review. Collegian, 25(6), pp. 621–632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2018.04.003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2018.04.003
Google Scholar
Mroczkowska, R., Piejko, W., & Serzysko, B. (2025). Aggressive behavior in the workplace – Experiences of young nurses: Preliminary study. Medycyna Pracy, 76(2), pp. 87–99, https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.01538.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.01538
Google Scholar
Nau, J., Halfens, R., Needham, I., & Dassen, T. (2010). Student nurses’ de-escalation of patient aggression: A pretest–posttest intervention study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(6), pp. 699–708, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.011
Google Scholar
Nocera, T.R., Dahlen, E.R., Poor, A., Strowd, J., Dortch, A., & Van Overloop, E.C. (2022). Moral disengagement mechanisms predict cyber aggression among emerging adults. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(1), 6, https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-1-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-1-6
Google Scholar
Needham, I., McKenna, K., Kingma, M., & Oud, N. (eds.) (2012). Violence in the Health Sector: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Violence in the Health Sector. Linking Local Initiatives with Global Learning, Kavanah, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236211622_Third_International_Conference_on_Violence_in_the_Health_Sector_Linking_Local_Initiatives_with_Global_Learning [accessed: 19.08.2026].
Google Scholar
O’Brien, C.J., van Zundert, A.A.J., & Barach, P.R. (2024). The growing burden of workplace violence against healthcare workers: Trends in prevalence, risk factors, consequences, and prevention – A narrative review. EClinicalMedicine, 72, 102641, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102641.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102641
Google Scholar
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2016). Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for healthcare and social service workers, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3148.pdf [accessed: 29.07.2026].
Google Scholar
Oludare, T.R., & Kotronoulas, G. (2022). Determinants and consequences of workplace violence against hospital-based nurses: A rapid review and synthesis of international evidence. Nursing Management, https://doi.org/10.7748/nm.2022.e2056.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7748/nm.2022.e2056
Google Scholar
Pien, L.-C., Cheng, Y., Lee, F.-C., Cheng, & W.-J. (2024). The effect of multiple types of workplace violence on burnout risk, sleep quality, and leaving intention among nurses. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 68(7), pp. 678–687, https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae052.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae052
Google Scholar
Richardson, S.K., Grainger, P.C., Ardagh, M.W., & Morrison, R. (2018). Violence and aggression in the emergency department is under-reported and under-appreciated. New Zealand Medical Journal, 131(1476), pp. 50–58.
Google Scholar
Roche, M., Diers, D., Duffield, C., & Catling-Paull, C. (2010). Violence toward nurses, the work environment, and patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(1), pp. 13–22, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01321.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01321.x
Google Scholar
Sadatmahaleh, M.M., Khoshknab, M.F., Rahguy, A., Arsalani, N., & Biglarian, A. (2019). Effect of workplace violence management program on the incidence. Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, 28(1), pp. 27–33, https://doi.org/10.22037/anm.v28i1.18027.
Google Scholar
Shohani, M., & Tavan, H. (2024). A study on the workplace cultural violence against nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 13(1), 311, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02721-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02721-y
Google Scholar
Sohrabzadeh, M., Menati, R., Tavan, H., Mozafari, M., & Menati, W. (2015). Survey on patient against female nurses and lack of reporting aggressive event in Ilam hospitals at 2012. Iran Occupational Health, 12(1), pp. 47–55.
Google Scholar
Spencer, C., Loehr, K., & Byrd, A. (2023). Patient and family perpetrated cyber-incivility and cyber-aggression within healthcare: A cross-sectional descriptive study. SAGE Open Nursing, 9, https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231158970.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231158970
Google Scholar
Tsukamoto, S.A.S., Galdino, M.J.Q., Barreto, M.F.C., & Martins, J.T. (2022). Burnout syndrome and workplace violence among nursing staff: A cross-sectional study. São Paulo Medical Journal, 140(1), pp. 101–107, https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2021.0068.R1.31052021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2021.0068.r1.31052021
Google Scholar
Vincent-Höper, S., Stein, M., Nienhaus, A., & Schablon, A. (2020). Workplace aggression and burnout in nursing – The moderating role of follow-up counseling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3152, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093152.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093152
Google Scholar
Wang, F., Wang, J., Li, Y., Liu, W., & Li, S. (2025). Prevalence and associated factors of workplace violence against nurses in different-level hospitals: A cross-sectional study in Lanzhou, China. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1737881, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1737881.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1737881
Google Scholar
Wang, J., Zeng, Q., Wang, Y., Liao, X., Xie, C., Wang, G., & Zeng, Y. (2022). Workplace violence and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder and burnout among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(7), pp. 2854–2868, https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13809.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13809
Google Scholar
Watson, A.L., Bond, C., & Jackson, D. (2026). Cyberbullying, cyberincivility, and online harassment in the nursing workforce: An integrative review. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2026.2648568.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2026.2648568
Google Scholar
Weltens, I., Drukker, M., Amelsvoort, T. van, Domen P., & Maarten, B., (2024). Exploring the consequences of aggressive experiences on psychiatric nurses: A real-time assessment study. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 2024, 1952005, https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1952005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1952005
Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1996). Forty-ninth World Health Assembly, Geneva, 20–25 May 1996: Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA49/1996/REC/1), https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/178941 [accessed: 19.01.2026].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1031-170X(96)80056-0
Google Scholar
World Health Organization (n.d.). Violence and harassment, https://www.who.int/tools/occupational-hazards-in-health-sector/violence-harassment [accessed: 19.01.2026].
Google Scholar
World Health Organization (n.d.). Violence Prevention Alliance: Conceptual Framework – November 2010, https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/violence-prevention-alliance-section/vpa_conceptual_framework.pdf?sfvrsn=a4986b46_3&utm_source=chatgpt.com [accessed: 19.08.2026].
Google Scholar
Yeh, T.-F., Chang, Y.-C., Feng, W.-H., sclerosis M, & Yang, C.-C., (2020). Effect of workplace violence on turnover intention: The mediating roles of job control, psychological demands, and social support. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 57, https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958020969313.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958020969313
Google Scholar
Zhang, W., Guo, Z., Zhu, C., Bakaev, M., Zhang, J., & Evans, R. (2025). Workplace cyberbullying among healthcare workers: A systematic review of the prevalence, antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 34(5), e70157, https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.70157.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.70157
Google Scholar