Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe / Krakow International Studies

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Journal: Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe / Krakow International Studies

NATO public diplomacy – entities and instruments of implementation

Aleksandra Kruk

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2025 | Abstract | 25–42

The article analyzes the role of NATO through the lens of its public diplomacy from the 1950s to the first quarter of the 21st century. It emphasizes that NATO utilized both traditional and modern diplomacy. NATO’s soft power instruments included international conferences and strategic dialogue. The image of NATO was often associated with the perception of the USA in the international environment. The task of public diplomacy was to present NATO as a tool for strengthening the transatlantic community, defending democracy, and upholding a rules-based international order. NATO’s public diplomacy played an important role due to prevailing tensions and conflicts in the international environment, resulting from the geopolitical situation in the world (i.e., the Cold War, regional conflicts, the struggle for hegemony).

2025-12-31



Journal: Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe / Krakow International Studies

Societal perceptions of the relationship between the Republic of Korea and Japan in South Korea and Japan

Katarzyna Gajda

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2025 | Abstract | 43–64

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze differences in the perception of mutual relations between the Republic of Korea and Japan among citizens of both countries in the years 2019–2023. Based on available public opinion reports, a detailed assessment was conducted of the perception of the state of Korean-Japanese relations, their social significance, and the image of the partner country and its leader. The study used a comparative analysis method to assess the evolution of selected aspects of these relations over time. The results of the analysis indicate an overall improvement in the perception of mutual relations and political leaders in both countries during the period analyzed. At the same time, discrepancies were observed in the perception of the importance of bilateral relations and the impression made by the partner country: while there was an improvement in these areas in Japan, a deterioration was noted in the Republic of Korea. The results obtained allow us to conclude that there is an asymmetry in the perception of Korean-Japanese relations and indicate the need to take these differences into account in analyses of international politics and public diplomacy.

2025-12-31