Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe / Krakow International Studies

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Journal: Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe / Krakow International Studies

NATO public diplomacy – entities and instruments of implementation

Aleksandra Kruk

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2025 | Abstract | 25–42

The article analyzes the role of NATO through the lens of its public diplomacy from the 1950s to the first quarter of the 21st century. It emphasizes that NATO utilized both traditional and modern diplomacy. NATO’s soft power instruments included international conferences and strategic dialogue. The image of NATO was often associated with the perception of the USA in the international environment. The task of public diplomacy was to present NATO as a tool for strengthening the transatlantic community, defending democracy, and upholding a rules-based international order. NATO’s public diplomacy played an important role due to prevailing tensions and conflicts in the international environment, resulting from the geopolitical situation in the world (i.e., the Cold War, regional conflicts, the struggle for hegemony).

2025-12-31



Journal: Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe / Krakow International Studies

Strengthening defence capabilities in the perspective of further development of the European Union

Natalia Adamczyk

Language: PL | Published: 31-12-2024 | Abstract | 83–106

The European debate on strengthening defence capabilities has intensified in response to changes in the international environment caused by the geopolitical rivalry between the US and China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This forces the European Union to define its future place in this geopolitical game of powers. Questions about the direction of further development and strengthening of the EU’s autonomous defence capabilities remain valid in the context of the expected withdrawal of the United States from the European continent in favour of Asia and the Pacific. Another controversial issue is increasing the EU’s defence potential, while at the same time obliging the EU member states belonging to NATO to fulfil their alliance commitments. The EU has been trying to develop the Common Security and Defence Policy for years, but despite the actions taken so far, the military dimension is still very limited.

2024-12-31



Journal: Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe / Krakow International Studies

Germany and the conflict in Ukraine (2014–2022) from the Polish perspective

Michał M. Kosman

Language: EN | Published: 31-12-2024 | Abstract | 43–62

The aim of the article is to discuss Germany’s position on the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, starting from the annexation of Crimea in 2014 to the outbreak of a full-scale conflict in 2022. After the introductory remarks, the attitude of Germany towards Russia after the end of the Cold War and its evolution are outlined. The author focused in particular on groundbreaking events in the context of the security of Central and Eastern Europe, such as the Orange Revolution in 2004, the NATO summit in Bucharest, and the Russian-Georgian war in 2008. Further on, the German position on the annexation of Crimea in 2014 – both by the federal government and the main political parties, followed by German reactions to the entry of Russian troops into Ukraine in February 2022 and the announcement of a breakthrough in German foreign and security policy (Zeitenwende). An attempt was made to analyze the meaning of the term Zeitenwende on the military, economic and political level. In the final conclusions, an attempt was made to compare German and Polish public opinion towards the Russian-Ukrainian conflict.

2024-12-31